Julius sumner miller gun9/5/2023 ![]() ![]() This article defines interpersonal violence as violence between family members and intimates and violence between acquaintances and strangers that is not intended to further the aims of any formally defined group or cause. 2 As a result, the economic effects of violence are also likely to be proportionally more severe in poorer countries. Although much of the available literature concerns high-income countries, violence disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries, where an estimated 90 percent of all violence-related deaths occur ( Krug et al., 2002). This article systematically reviews peer-reviewed literature related to the economic consequences of interpersonal violence internationally. Mitigating these effects requires early intervention. Violence, resulting in traumatic stress, can have psychological and physiological effects on the brain and body, some of which can manifest much later in life. The final paper lays out the significant impact of violence at early stages of child development, by examining violence and its effects along the life span. As well, witnessing or being a victim of violence can increase the risk of future violence. Violence does not occur in a vacuum, and often the undercurrent or environment of violence normalizes violent response in other settings. The fourth paper explores a similar concept of social costs by examining the contagious nature of violence. This paper examines the indirect and more diffuse costs of such violence. The impact of gun-related violence extends beyond the home and immediate victims, but affects the neighborhood and community as well. The third paper looks at a major risk factor for violence-firearms. Elder abuse, which can encompass more than just physical and psychological violence, is poised to have enormous impact as populations around the world age. The second paper discusses the costs and implications of elder abuse, an often-overlooked type of violence. It attempts to place the costs within a context by which comparisons across regions can be made. This represents a comprehensive survey that includes a large number of data sources. The first paper is an overview of the costs of interpersonal violence around the world. However, some costs can be categorized in either way, suggesting that a definitive line between the two does not truly exist. ![]() Indirect costs indicate impact beyond direct victims and perpetrators and also include indirect victims and often society at large. Direct costs are more readily quantifiable and tend to fall into traditional categories of medical and nonmedical costs and productivity costs. These costs are roughly divided into direct costs, or those arising immediately or proximally to the violent event, and indirect costs, or those that result as a consequence, externality, or loss of opportunity. ![]() While no methodology exists to enumerate the full extent of the impact of violence, some costs can be estimated. ![]()
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